أَنوارالمحمَّدية

The History of the Hijri Calendar in Islam The Hijri calendar , also known as the Islamic calendar , is a lunar calendar used predominantly for religious purposes by Muslims across the world. Its establishment dates back to the time of Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab (RA) , during which a formal, standardized method of calculating years became necessary due to the expanding Islamic state. The Hijri calendar does not merely serve chronological purposes, but it also preserves and commemorates one of the most pivotal events in Islamic history the Hijrah (migration) of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ from Makkah to Madinah .

THE ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE ON ASTRONOMY  ABSTRACT This study explores the Islamic perspective on astronomy, focusing on how Islamic teachings, classical scholarship, and the Qur’an engage with celestial knowledge. The study analyzes how early Muslim scholars such as Al-Battani, Al-Farghani, and Al-Biruni contributed significantly to the development of astronomy during the Islamic Golden Age, aligning scientific discoveries with Islamic cosmology. It also examines relevant Qur’anic verses and Hadiths to understand how they portray heavenly bodies, celestial order, and the purpose of creation. Through a qualitative methodology, the study synthesizes classical Islamic sources with contemporary scientific frameworks. It identifies areas of harmony and divergence between conventional (modern) astronomy and Islamic worldview. Findings reveal that Islamic astronomy was not only about celestial mechanics but deeply rooted in religious practices such as prayer times, the Islamic calendar, ...